Radiation effects in microelectronic components have been studied for several decades for military and space applications. Understanding radiation effects in electronics is a complex and continually evolving challenge. In this paper, we present an extensive literature review pertaining to the state-of-the-art issues in radiation effects and radiation-hardened circuit design. Various research papers, books and application notes were referred, which take care of various aspects of understanding of radiation effects. In particular, this review gives a bibliographical survey of the current research efforts in the area of radiation effects in metal-oxide-semiconductor based devices and circuits. The paper also presents some of the challenges anticipated in the years to come and enlists further scope for research. A full description of the various methods is beyond the scope of this article; instead, the focus is on providing primary developments that have taken place in the area of radiation effects.

The application of Multihop Cell phone-based Sensor Network (MCSN) technologies for the Data gathering service has brought new challenges in maintaining communication clusters of Cluster heads for long time durations. Stable clustering methods reduce the reclustering frequency in MCSN and provide for a more energy-efficient hierarchical network topology. The stability is defined in terms of Dominating set updates or reclustering frequency as average number of cluster formation per unit time. During creation of MCSN clusters, each Cell phone chooses a head cell phone to send the sensed data. In this paper, we improve cluster stability by the addition of one pause time-based weighting parameter to a well-known weighted clustering algorithm (WCA). The WCA uses current mobility index of mobile nodes to predict the stability of the network. Newly introduced parameter is related with cell phone user's mobility-specific pause time distribution.

The Sun Tracker is an automated solar panel that actually follows the sun position to increase the power production. After some measurements, the Sun Tracker increases the power production by more than 40% by keeping the panels parallel to the sun that makes the sun rays fall perpendicularly on the solar panel. In this paper, we present a sun tracker without using sun sensors. The sun tracking is performed by changing the solar panel orientation in horizontal and vertical directions by two motors. The control of these motors is ensured by a microcontroller. The proposed system has the capability to track using the location data of the sun.

A new autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) called H160 is described in this article. The first prototype of this AUV has been realized through collaboration between two partners, which are the Laboratory of Data processing, Robotics and Micro electronic of Montpellier (LIRMM) and the ECA-HYTEC (specialist in the design and manufacture of remote controlled systems in "hostile" environments). This paper shows a general presentation of the vehicle, its hardware and software architecture including the process modeling and the control law used. Simulation results presented are based on the AUV mathematical model.

Various tracking methods have been developed to track objects with different degrees or levels of tracking ability. The ability or performance of each tracking method is dependent on the feature or data that is being used for tracking purpose. The ability of a tracking method can be measured by utilizing tracking metrics to give an indication of the tracking ability of an algorithm. This paper offers some insights into the issues and similarities of performance measurement reporting of video tracking algorithms and proposes a method in assessing the robustness of a video tracking algorithm. The proposed metric introduces another measure to measure the consistency of a tracking algorithm. The work presented in this paper shows that using only one metric to measure the tracking performance is inadequate. The proposed metric presented in this ­paper shows that the utilization of multiple metrics such as tracking success rate and tracking consistency or robustness would give a better indication of the tracking ability of a tracking algorithm used in video surveillance.

In this paper, the development history and status of the power devices have been reviewed on the basis of the different semiconductor material. The new evolution about the novel structures including the Super Junction (SJ) and analogous SJ is explained. The novel technology, which is to resolve the main contradiction between the breakdown voltage and specific on-resistance in power devices, is discussed to improve the device trade-off characteristic between the breakdown voltage and the on-resistance. This review is the first part for the development summarization of the power semiconductor devices. The other parts will be reported successively.

In this paper, a position-based method is proposed for frequent contiguous DNA pattern mining by fast joining the same length patterns to generate next length ones as well as scanning the database only once. At first, we combine the position information of fixed-length patterns to generate a fixed-length spanning tree to mine frequent fixed-length contiguous patterns. Later on, by joining them based on their position information, we come up with a fast approach to mine all contiguous frequent patterns. After generating the fixed-length contiguous frequent DNA patterns, joining of the patterns of same length is done to produce the next length frequent patterns by comparing their sequence IDs and starting positions in the database. Besides, the spanning tree is constructed in such a way so that the frequent patterns are generated in sorted order. The sorted frequent patterns are then utilized for indexing the starting and ending position of the patterns with the first element as A, C, G, and T, respectively, to come up with fast joining process of the same length subsequences based on binary search. The experimental results show that the proposed method is superior over the existing contiguous DNA sequence mining approaches.